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Ramose was the father and Hatnofer the mother of Senenmut, one of the most important state officials under the reign of the Egyptian queen Hatshepsut in the 18th dynasty of Egypt's New Kingdom. The commoner origins of Ramose and the rise of his son Senenmut were long considered to be prime examples of high social mobility in New Kingdom Egypt. For instance, almost nothing is known of Ramose's origins, but he seems to have been a man of modest means—anything from a tenant peasant or farmer, to an artisan or even a small landowner.〔(The Housemistress in New Kingdom Egypt: Hatnofer )〕 When Ramose died he was a man aged 50–60 (based on the dental evidence).〔Peter F. Dorman, In: The Theban Necropolis, Past, Present and Future, p. 32, note 17〕 Hatnofer was an elderly lady, with grey or even white hair.〔 They are believed to have been born at Armant, a town only ten miles (16 km) south of Thebes within Upper Egypt presumably during the reign of Ahmose I, the founder of Egypt's illustrious 18th dynasty.〔 ==Tomb of Ramose and Hatnofer== Ramose is known from a few contemporary sources. He appears on the false door〔(Neues Reich )〕 and likely, also on the chapel of Senenmut's TT71 tomb chapel. Ramose and Hatnofer's own tomb was not located far from the chapel (TT71) of his son Senemut. The tomb of Ramose contained his mummy as well as that of Hatnofer (Hatnefret), who was the wife of Ramose and mother of Senenmut. It was found intact by Wiliam Hayes and Ambrose Lansing of the Metropolitan Museum's Egyptian expedition in excavation work conducted under a hillside terrace at Sheikh Abd el-Qurna hill in Western Thebes during the 1935-1936 archaeological season.〔Kathryn A. Bard & Steven Blake Shubert, Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge, 1999. p.819〕 Ramose and Hatnofer were buried in the tomb along with six other anonymous poorly wrapped mummies (three women and three unknown children) who are assumed to be family members of the couple.〔 Initially, Lansing and Hayes interpreted the 6 bodies as grisly evidence that Senenmut's family had been struck by a sudden tragedy: : "...''that eight persons of the same family or group should have died so nearly at the same time that they could be buried together on one occasion is certainly extraordinary, but seems, nevertheless, to be what actually happened''."〔A. Lansing & W. Hayes, The Egyptian Expedition 1935-36, Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (BMMA), New York (1937), 32.2:31-21〕 Some Egyptologists believe that all burials in their tomb took place at the same time. 〔Peter F. Dorman: 'Family burial and commemoration in the Theban necropolis' In: ''The Theban Necropolis, Past, Present and Future'', Hrsg. N. Strudwick; J.H. Taylor, (David Brown Book Company: March 2004), S.30-41〕 However, during the New Kingdom, it was often customary to use a tomb's burial chambers for several family members, who died at different times. As Joyce Tyldesley notes, it is far more likely that these 6 additional bodies represent members of Senenmut's immediate family: : "who had previously been buried nearby; their decayed () wrappings and disarticulated skeletons encrusted with mud suggest that they too had been retrieved from less impressive cemeteries. The re-burial of private individuals, while not common, was certainly not unknown at this time, and Senenmut's filial devotion would have met with general approval."〔Joyce Tyldesley, Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh, Penguin Books, 1996 hardback, pp.183〕 Moreover, the Metropolitan Museum archaeologists convincingly demonstrated that the personal possessions in the tomb chamber of Ramose and Hatnofer were Hatnofer's alone since their items were all appropriate for a woman.〔Lansing & Hayes, BMMA, op. cit., p.22〕 Of the mummies in the chamber, Hatnofer's alone: :"had been carefully mummified in linen from Hatshepsut's royal estate and equipped with a complete funeral outfit consisting of a gilded mask, a heart scarab, funerary papyri, and canopic equipment. By contrast, Ramose in his painted anthropoid coffin and the other six mummies (three young women and three children) interred in the two plain deal coffins had received no such attention, and their remains were mere skeletons."〔Peter F. Dorman: The Monuments of Senenmut: Problems in Historical Methadology, London: Kegan Paul Ltd., 1988. p.168〕 These six other burials, all from the early 18th dynasty "were found in the loose scree of the hillside as well as deposits of hunting weapons and the coffins of a horse and an ape."〔 Ramose and Hatnofer's tomb conveys a comparatively simple impression and was initially considered, by Egyptologists, as evidence for the humble personal origins of Ramose in particular. Ramose and Hatnofer's tomb is notable for featuring the earliest known date from Hatshepsut's reign. A collection of grave goods found in the tomb's chamber contained a single pottery jar or amphorae—which was stamped with the date 'Year 7'.〔 Another jar from the same collection—which was discovered ''in situ'' by the Metropolitan Museum of Art expedition—was stamped with the seal of the 'God's Wife Hatshepsut' while two jars bore the seal of ''The Good Goddess Maatkare''.〔 The dating of the amphorae, which had been "sealed into the () burial chamber by the debris from Senenmut's own tomb," is certain and establishes that Hatshepsut was recognised by her subjects as the king of Egypt by Year 7 of her reign.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ramose and Hatnofer」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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